490 TWh, 70% Nuclear — The World's Most Nuclear-Dependent Large Economy
France's electricity system is one of the most remarkable in the world — an economy of 68 million people powered predominantly by nuclear energy in a strategic choice made deliberately and rapidly between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. Following the 1973 oil shock, France's government under President Pompidou and then Giscard d'Estaing launched the most ambitious peacetime civilian nuclear programme in history — ordering and building 58 nuclear reactors in approximately 25 years. The programme's extraordinary speed was enabled by standardisation: France used just two reactor designs (the standardised series of Framatome Pressurised Water Reactors in 900 MW, 1,300 MW, and 1,450 MW configurations) rather than the bespoke designs used elsewhere, achieving economies of repetition that kept construction times to approximately 5-7 years per unit and costs within budget.
The result is a power system that generates approximately 490 TWh annually from approximately 150 GW of total installed capacity — with nuclear contributing approximately 70%, hydropower approximately 11-12%, wind approximately 8-9%, solar approximately 5-6%, and gas approximately 4-5% (used primarily for winter peak demand management). France's electricity carbon intensity of approximately 60 grams CO₂/kWh is among the world's lowest for any large industrialised economy — significantly lower than Germany (~380 gCO₂/kWh), the United States (~380 gCO₂/kWh), or China (~530 gCO₂/kWh). This extraordinary low-carbon performance is entirely attributable to the nuclear fleet that France chose to build half a century ago. For context on how France fits within the global electricity system, see our global electricity market analysis.
France's electricity sector is defined by one dominant player: EDF (Électricité de France), the state-owned utility that the French government fully renationalised in June 2023 by buying out minority shareholders at €12/share — taking EDF back to 100% state ownership after a period of partial privatisation that began with EDF's Paris Stock Exchange listing in 2005. EDF operates all 56 nuclear reactors, the majority of France's large hydropower plants (approximately 25 GW of hydro capacity), and a growing portfolio of wind and solar assets. EDF's Enedis subsidiary operates the national electricity distribution network serving approximately 36 million customers. The scale of France's nuclear commitment and EDF's role in maintaining it has direct implications for French industrial competitiveness — France's electricity price advantage over Germany (approximately €0.07/kWh cheaper for households, more for industry) is a significant economic benefit quantified across the world's largest economies analysis.
France Electricity Mix — Nuclear 70%, Hydro 12%, Wind 9%, Solar 6%, Gas 5%
France's electricity mix is dominated by nuclear to a degree unmatched by any other large economy. In a typical year with normal nuclear availability, France generates approximately 330-340 TWh from nuclear — approximately 70% of total generation. The remaining 30% is split between hydropower (~55-60 TWh, 11-12%), wind (~40-45 TWh, 8-9%), solar (~25-30 TWh, 5-6%), gas (~20-25 TWh, 4-5%), and bioenergy/other (~10-15 TWh, 2-3%). This mix makes France's electricity approximately 95-96% low-carbon — a figure that virtually no other large economy can match. Even with Germany's aggressive renewable deployment, Germany's electricity remains approximately 38% fossil fuel-generated, compared to France's approximately 5%.
The 2022 nuclear availability crisis was a stark reminder of the risks of concentrated dependence on a single technology. During 2022, EDF discovered unexpected stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the cooling circuits of multiple reactors, requiring emergency inspections and repairs. Combined with already-scheduled maintenance and refuelling outages, this resulted in approximately 32 of 56 reactors being simultaneously offline at the peak of the crisis in autumn 2022 — a situation without precedent in French nuclear history. French nuclear generation fell from approximately 379 TWh (2021) to approximately 279 TWh (2022) — a 26% decline — forcing France to become a net electricity importer for the first time in decades and contributing significantly to the pan-European electricity price spike. By 2023-2025, repairs had been completed and reactor availability returned to normal, with nuclear generation recovering to approximately 330-340 TWh. The contrast between France's normally cheap nuclear electricity and its vulnerability during the 2022 crisis is examined in our EU energy prices analysis.
France Electricity Mix — 2025 by Source
The navy donut chart below shows France's electricity generation mix in 2025. Nuclear's dominant position is visually striking — generating more than twice the combined output of all renewable sources.
France Electricity Generation — Annual Trend 2015 to 2026 (TWh)
The white line chart below tracks France's total electricity generation from 2015 through 2026, showing the 2022 nuclear availability crisis dip and the subsequent recovery. The trend clearly illustrates how France's total output is almost entirely a function of nuclear plant availability — when nuclear dips, total generation dips.
France's Nuclear Fleet — 56 Reactors, 61 GW, World's Most Productive
France operates 56 nuclear power reactors across 18 power plant sites, with a total installed nuclear capacity of approximately 61.4 gigawatts (GW). All French reactors are Pressurised Water Reactors (PWRs) of French design, manufactured by Framatome (formerly Areva NP, now part of EDF and majority-owned by EDF). The fleet divides into three generations: the "900 series" (34 reactors of approximately 900-920 MW each, built 1977-1987), the "1300 series" (20 reactors of approximately 1,300-1,330 MW each, built 1984-1993), and the "1450 series" (4 reactors of approximately 1,450-1,500 MW each, built 1996-1999). The French fleet is the world's second-largest by number of reactors (after the US at 93) and generates the world's third-largest nuclear electricity output (after the US and China). The full global nuclear picture is covered in our global nuclear energy statistics.
EDF's nuclear generation programme delivered an average capacity factor of approximately 75-78% in 2024-2025 — below the US nuclear fleet average of approximately 93% due to France's practice of using nuclear plants for load-following (varying output to match demand, particularly over weekends and during low-demand periods). This load-following capability — unusual for nuclear plants globally — reflects France's grid structure: with nuclear providing 70% of generation, France's electricity system would be overwhelmed with surplus power if nuclear plants ran at 100% capacity continuously. The trade-off is lower revenue per reactor but greater grid stability. In 2022, the capacity factor fell to approximately 61% due to the corrosion crisis — with direct economic consequences for EDF, which ultimately required significant government financial support and contributed to the rationale for full nationalisation.
The oldest French reactors (the 900 MW series, built in the late 1970s) are currently being evaluated for 50-year and potentially 60-year operating licences — the French nuclear regulator (ASN, now integrated into ASNR) has approved principle of 50-year extensions, with individual reactor assessments determining actual lifetimes. EDF's "Grand Carénage" programme — a €50 billion investment plan running from approximately 2014 through the 2030s — involves comprehensive safety upgrades, modernisation of ageing components, and post-Fukushima safety improvements across the entire fleet. This investment programme is essential for maintaining the fleet's operational viability and is one of the primary financial burdens that required EDF's renationalisation — the scale of investment was incompatible with EDF's balance sheet as a partly private listed company facing regulated retail tariffs.
French Nuclear Power Plants — Capacity by Site
The navy bar chart below shows France's nuclear power plant sites ranked by installed capacity. The largest sites — Gravelines (5 reactors, ~2,700 MW) and Paluel (4×1,300 MW = 5,200 MW) in Normandy — are among the largest nuclear complexes in the world.
France Renewables — Hydro 12%, Wind Accelerating, Offshore Wind Emerging
Despite nuclear's dominance, France has a significant and growing renewable electricity sector. Hydropower is France's second-largest electricity source, contributing approximately 55-60 TWh annually (11-12% of generation) from approximately 25 GW of installed hydro capacity — the third-largest in Europe after Norway and Sweden. France's hydro fleet includes large run-of-river plants on the Rhône, Rhine, and Dordogne rivers, as well as pumped-storage facilities (STEP) that are essential for grid balancing. EDF operates the majority of France's large hydropower (approximately 20 GW), with the remainder operated by CNR (Compagnie Nationale du Rhône) and SHEM. Hydro output varies significantly by year depending on precipitation and snowmelt — the 2022 drought reduced French hydro generation by approximately 20-25% below average, compounding the nuclear availability crisis.
Wind power has grown rapidly, contributing approximately 40-45 TWh (8-9%) of French electricity from approximately 22-24 GW of installed onshore wind capacity. France is the EU's fourth-largest onshore wind market by installed capacity (after Germany, Spain, and Sweden) but has historically had slower deployment than its renewable resource would suggest — partly due to complex permitting requirements and significant community opposition. The French government has streamlined wind permitting since 2022, and installation rates have improved to approximately 2-3 GW/year. Offshore wind is at an earlier stage — France's first commercial offshore wind farm (Saint-Nazaire, 480 MW, 80 turbines) began operating in 2022, with several larger projects (Fécamp 500 MW, Calvados 448 MW, Dunkerque 600 MW) in construction or advanced development targeting approximately 18 GW of offshore wind by 2035. France's renewable trajectory has direct implications for the broader European industrial energy cost dynamics as renewable build-out gradually reduces marginal generation costs.
Solar PV is France's fastest-growing renewable, reaching approximately 25-30 TWh (5-6% of generation) from approximately 22-25 GW of installed capacity. France's solar market has accelerated significantly since 2022, with approximately 3-4 GW of new solar installed in 2024. The government's Energy Acceleration Law (2023) simplified planning procedures for both solar and wind, targeting approximately 10 GW of new solar per year by 2027-2030. France has particular potential for agrivoltaics — combining solar panels with agricultural use — given its large agricultural land area. Several large agrivoltaic projects are in development, and France's regulatory framework for agrivoltaics (adopted 2023) is among the most developed in Europe.
France Renewable Electricity — Growth by Source 2015 to 2026 (TWh)
The grouped bar chart below shows the growth of wind and solar electricity generation in France from 2015 through 2026, illustrating the acceleration in both technologies — particularly solar — since 2020.
France Electricity Prices — €0.24/kWh HH, ARENH Industrial Relief, World's #1 Exporter
France's electricity pricing system is complex — a mixture of regulated tariffs, market prices, and nuclear-specific mechanisms that reflect the unique character of a power system dominated by a single technology with very low marginal costs. The average household electricity price of approximately €0.24/kWh (H1 2025) is structured around the TRVe (tarif réglementé de vente d'électricité) — the regulated retail electricity tariff that applies to most residential and small business consumers and is set by the French energy regulator CRE. This regulated tariff typically includes the production component, network charges (TURPE), taxes (CSPE — contribution au service public de l'énergie, and TVA), and other levies. Despite France's cheap nuclear generation, the household price is not dramatically lower than other EU countries because taxes and levies still account for approximately 40% of the bill.
For industrial consumers, the ARENH (Access Regulated to Historic Nuclear Electricity) scheme was the most important mechanism — it allowed qualifying industrial consumers to purchase up to a defined volume of nuclear electricity at a regulated tariff of €42/MWh, well below the market wholesale price for much of the 2010s and dramatically below market during the 2022 crisis when wholesale prices reached €300-400/MWh. The ARENH system ended at the beginning of 2026 and was replaced by a new framework — the "regulated nuclear access" mechanism under the reformed EU electricity market, which aims to provide industrial consumers with long-term price stability through Contracts for Difference based on nuclear generation costs. Industrial electricity prices in France of approximately €0.13-0.15/kWh for medium consumers are significantly below the German industrial price (~€0.19-0.22/kWh) — a competitive advantage that has attracted energy-intensive manufacturing investment in France. The financial dynamics of European energy markets are explored in our analysis of German financial markets, where French nuclear electricity exports have historically kept German wholesale prices lower than they would otherwise be.
France's role as the world's largest net electricity exporter is a direct consequence of its nuclear programme generating surplus baseload power that cannot easily be throttled down. France typically exports approximately 50-80 TWh more electricity than it imports annually — generating approximately €2-4 billion in annual electricity export revenues. France's main export markets are Germany, the UK (via the IFA cross-Channel interconnectors), Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland. The UK interconnection — currently approximately 4 GW capacity with a further 1.4 GW IFA2 link — makes France a critical electricity security backup for the UK, particularly during periods of low UK wind and solar output. The export capabilities also have implications for broader energy trading monitored through our financial and trading market analysis that tracks broader European economic integration.
France vs Neighbouring Countries — Electricity Price Comparison (€/kWh, 2025)
The white animated bars below compare France's household electricity price against its neighbouring EU countries, illustrating France's competitive advantage — particularly versus Germany — driven by cheaper nuclear baseload electricity.
France's average household electricity price of €0.24/kWh versus Germany's €0.31/kWh may seem modest, but the difference is economically significant — a French household consuming 5,000 kWh/year saves approximately €350 annually versus an equivalent German household. For industrial consumers, the gap is larger — French industrial electricity at approximately €0.14/kWh versus German industrial at approximately €0.19-0.22/kWh represents a 30-50% cost advantage that directly benefits French manufacturing competitiveness. This nuclear dividend — the accumulated economic benefit of having built cheap baseload capacity in the 1970s-1990s — is estimated at approximately €10-20 billion annually for the French economy compared to a counterfactual where France had followed Germany's energy path. It is the most concrete demonstration of nuclear energy's long-term economic value when a large standardised fleet is built successfully.
France Electricity — Key Data Table by Source and Metric
The sortable table below provides comprehensive data on France's electricity sector by generation source, including output, capacity, capacity factor, carbon intensity, and cost per kWh. Click any column to sort.
| Source | Generation (TWh) | Share (%) | Installed Capacity (GW) | Capacity Factor (%) | Carbon (gCO₂/kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuclear (PWR) | ~335 | ~70% | 61.4 GW | ~76% | ~5 |
| Hydropower | ~57 | ~12% | ~25 GW | ~26% | ~4 |
| Onshore Wind | ~42 | ~9% | ~23 GW | ~21% | ~8 |
| Solar PV | ~27 | ~6% | ~23 GW | ~13% | ~25 |
| Natural Gas | ~22 | ~5% | ~13 GW | ~19% | ~450 |
| Bioenergy | ~10 | ~2% | ~3 GW | ~38% | ~230 |
| Offshore Wind | ~2 | ~0.4% | ~0.5 GW | ~40% | ~10 |
| Oil / Other | ~1 | ~0.2% | ~4 GW | ~3% | ~600 |
| Total France | ~496 | 100% | ~153 GW | ~37% | ~60 |
France vs Germany — Electricity Generation 2015–2026 (TWh)
The white dual-line chart below compares France and Germany's total electricity generation from 2015 through 2026. The 2022 nuclear availability crisis is starkly visible — France's generation collapsed 46% below Germany's that year, temporarily reversing their usual near-parity and making France a net importer.
Electricity Carbon Intensity — France vs European Peers (gCO₂/kWh)
The white bar chart below compares grid carbon intensity across European countries in 2025. France's extraordinary low-carbon electricity — driven almost entirely by its nuclear fleet — places it among the world's cleanest electricity systems, far below Germany, Poland, and even the EU average.
France Electricity — Key Statistics at a Glance
France Electricity Forecast 2030 — 530 TWh Target, Nuclear Renaissance, Offshore Wind Launch
France's electricity outlook through 2030 is ambitious — driven by both the need to electrify the French economy (EVs, heat pumps, green hydrogen) and the government's commitment to maintaining and expanding nuclear capacity. Total electricity generation is projected to grow from approximately 490 TWh (2026) to approximately 520-540 TWh by 2030, reflecting the growing electrification demand. The primary supply-side driver of this growth will be renewable energy — particularly solar (accelerating from 3-4 GW/year to potentially 10 GW/year by 2028-2030) and the first tranches of offshore wind capacity (approximately 3-4 GW operational by 2030). Nuclear generation is expected to remain approximately stable at 330-340 TWh through 2030 as the existing fleet's output is maintained, with no new nuclear capacity coming online before approximately 2035-2037.
The electrification of French road transport will be a significant demand driver — France's EV fleet is projected to grow from approximately 1.5 million (2025) to approximately 8-10 million vehicles by 2030, adding approximately 15-20 TWh of new electricity demand. Heat pump adoption — replacing gas boilers — is another major demand driver, with approximately 600,000-800,000 heat pumps installed per year targeted under France's energy renovation programme. RTE's "Futurs Énergétiques 2050" analysis projects that France could require 600-750 TWh of electricity per year by 2050 in decarbonisation scenarios — approximately 25-50% more than today — driven primarily by transport, heating, and industrial electrification, along with green hydrogen production. This demand growth reinforces the case for both new nuclear (the EPR2 programme) and accelerated renewables.
For electricity prices, the 2030 outlook is cautiously positive for consumers. The expansion of solar and wind capacity will gradually increase the share of zero-marginal-cost generation in the French mix, with downward pressure on wholesale electricity prices during periods of high renewable output. The new nuclear regulatory framework — replacing ARENH — should provide industrial consumers with access to long-term price stability through nuclear-backed Contracts for Difference. French household electricity prices are expected to remain broadly stable in real terms toward approximately €0.22-0.25/kWh by 2030, continuing France's competitive advantage over Germany. The economic impact of France's energy strategy — which prioritises stable, affordable, low-carbon electricity as an industrial policy tool — is reflected in the investment attraction dynamics tracked through our financial market analysis.
Frequently Asked Questions — France Electricity Industry
Nuclear energy provides approximately 70-75% of France's electricity as of 2025-2026 — the world's highest nuclear share of any large economy. France operates 56 nuclear reactors with 61.4 GW capacity, generating approximately 330-340 TWh/year. This share temporarily fell to approximately 63-65% in 2022 due to the unprecedented nuclear availability crisis (32 of 56 reactors simultaneously offline for corrosion repairs). By 2024-2026, availability returned to normal. France's electricity is approximately 95-96% low-carbon (nuclear + all renewables), giving it one of the world's lowest grid carbon intensities at approximately 60 gCO₂/kWh.
France generates approximately 490-500 TWh annually as of 2025-2026 from approximately 153 GW of installed capacity. This is approximately 18% of EU-27 electricity — making France the EU's second-largest electricity producer after Germany. The range over the past decade has been approximately 448 TWh (2022 crisis low) to ~570 TWh (pre-2000 historical high). France's total generation is closely correlated with nuclear plant availability — when nuclear dips, total generation dips proportionately. The system is operated by RTE (Réseau de Transport d'Électricité), France's national transmission operator.
France's average household electricity price is approximately €0.24/kWh (H1 2025, Eurostat) — below the EU-27 average of €0.28/kWh and significantly cheaper than Germany (€0.31/kWh). This price advantage is directly attributable to France's large nuclear fleet providing cheap baseload power. Industrial electricity is approximately €0.13-0.15/kWh for medium consumers — significantly below Germany's €0.19-0.22/kWh. Household prices are set by the TRVe (regulated tariff) overseen by energy regulator CRE. The ARENH industrial nuclear access scheme (€42/MWh) ended in 2026, replaced by new nuclear CfD-based pricing mechanisms.
EDF (Électricité de France) dominates French electricity — fully renationalised by the French state in June 2023. EDF operates all 56 nuclear reactors, ~20 GW of hydropower, growing wind and solar assets, and the Enedis distribution network (36 million customers). Other significant players: Engie (gas, some renewables), TotalEnergies (growing solar/wind portfolio), CNR (Compagnie Nationale du Rhône — Rhône river hydropower), and dozens of independent renewable energy producers. The transmission grid is operated by RTE (majority-owned by EDF but regulated independently). EDF's renationalisation was driven by the need to fund €50B+ in fleet maintenance investment incompatible with private shareholder expectations.
France has approved construction of 6 new EPR2 reactors with potential for 8 more. The first pair will be built at Penly (Seine-Maritime, Normandy) — a site adjacent to an existing nuclear plant. Construction expected to begin late 2020s; first electricity generation approximately 2035-2037. EDF's cost estimate for the first 6 units: approximately €51.7 billion. The EPR2 is an improved design versus the first-generation EPR — simpler, incorporating lessons from Flamanville 3 (France), Hinkley Point C (UK), and Olkiluoto 3 (Finland) construction experiences. France is also evaluating small modular reactors (SMRs) for later deployment. Flamanville 3 (1,630 MW first-generation EPR) reached criticality December 2024 after a 12-year delay and €13.7B cost overrun.
France is the world's largest net electricity exporter, typically exporting approximately 50-80 TWh more than it imports annually. Main export markets: Germany (largest recipient), UK (via IFA cross-Channel interconnectors, ~4+ GW capacity), Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. Export revenues: approximately €2-4 billion annually depending on wholesale electricity prices. In 2022, due to the nuclear availability crisis (32 reactors offline simultaneously), France exceptionally became a net electricity importer for the first time in decades — a dramatic reversal that contributed to the pan-European energy price spike. Normal net export status was restored in 2023-2024 as nuclear availability recovered.
Flamanville 3 is France's first new nuclear reactor since the 1990s — a 1,630 MW EPR in Normandy. Originally approved 2004, target completion 2012, budget ~€3.3 billion. Actual outcome: completed 2025, final cost approximately €13.7 billion — a 4× cost overrun and 12+ year delay. The reactor finally achieved criticality (first nuclear chain reaction) in December 2024 and began generating electricity in 2025. Flamanville 3 became a symbol of the challenges of building first-of-a-kind nuclear in Western countries with lapsed construction supply chains. Its painful lessons directly shaped the EPR2 programme, which incorporates design simplifications, modular construction approaches, and improved project management to avoid similar overruns.
France's electricity mix 2025-2026: Nuclear ~70% (~335 TWh), Hydropower ~12% (~57 TWh), Onshore Wind ~9% (~42 TWh), Solar PV ~6% (~27 TWh), Natural Gas ~5% (~22 TWh), Bioenergy ~2% (~10 TWh), Offshore Wind ~0.4% (~2 TWh), other ~0.4%. Total low-carbon sources: approximately 95-96%. France's carbon intensity of approximately 60 gCO₂/kWh is among the world's lowest for large economies — compared to Germany ~380, USA ~380, UK ~180, and EU average ~230 gCO₂/kWh.
RTE (Réseau de Transport d'Électricité) is France's national electricity transmission system operator (TSO) — responsible for operating, maintaining, and developing France's high-voltage grid. RTE manages approximately 105,000 km of high-voltage lines and 50 cross-border interconnection lines with 8 neighbours (Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra, UK). RTE is majority-owned by EDF but operates as an independent regulated entity. RTE publishes France's electricity data in real-time via its eco2mix platform and produces the definitive annual Bilan Électrique (Electricity Balance) report. RTE's "Futurs Énergétiques 2050" study is the key reference for France's long-term electricity planning scenarios.
France and Germany represent contrasting electricity strategies. France: ~490 TWh, 70% nuclear, 95% low-carbon, €0.24/kWh household, ~60 gCO₂/kWh. Germany: ~500 TWh, 0% nuclear (phase-out April 2023), 62% renewables, 22% gas, 16% coal, €0.31/kWh household, ~380-400 gCO₂/kWh. France's approach delivers: lower carbon intensity (6× cleaner), lower electricity prices (€0.07/kWh cheaper for households, more for industry), and net electricity exporter status vs Germany being a net importer. Germany's approach: no nuclear risk, rapid renewables deployment, but continued fossil dependence during low renewable output. France's nuclear price advantage: approximately €10-20 billion/year economic benefit for the French economy vs a German-style energy path.
France's PPE (Programmation Pluriannuelle de l'Énergie — Multiannual Energy Plan) is the government's 10-year energy roadmap. The current PPE (2019-2028) was developed under a commitment to reduce nuclear to 50% of electricity by 2035. President Macron reversed this in February 2022, announcing France would build new nuclear and maintain nuclear's dominant role. The 2023 Energy Law confirmed construction of 6 new EPR2 reactors and enabled 50-year+ operating licences for existing plants. The PPE is currently being revised to reflect this nuclear-forward strategy. Key 2030 targets in the revised direction: maintain nuclear at ~67-70% of electricity, reach 33 GW of solar by 2030, 24 GW of onshore wind by 2030, and 18 GW of offshore wind by 2035.
France's revised energy targets include approximately 40% of electricity from non-nuclear renewables by 2030 (from ~27% currently) — primarily via wind and solar expansion. Specific targets: Solar 33 GW by 2030 (from ~23 GW), Onshore Wind 24 GW by 2030 (from ~23 GW), Offshore Wind 18 GW by 2035 (from ~0.5 GW). France's Energy Acceleration Law (2023) streamlined planning permissions for wind and solar. Solar installation has accelerated to 3-4 GW/year and is targeted to reach 10 GW/year by 2027-2030. France's renewable targets are lower than many EU peers (e.g., Germany targeting 80%+ by 2030) because nuclear already provides the majority of France's low-carbon electricity — the two technologies are complementary in France's strategy.
BusinessStats: All generation analysis, nuclear fleet data, renewable growth calculations, price comparisons, 2030 forecast projections, France vs Germany comparisons, and export revenue estimates are BusinessStats proprietary research combining the above primary sources with IAEA PRIS database, ASN/ASNR regulatory reports, French Ministry of Energy Transition documents, and RTE Futurs Énergétiques 2050 scenarios.